How does imaging technology work

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Vet Pathol. Rose HH. Optics of high-performance electron microscopes. Sci Technol Adv Mater. The first CT scanner for medical use dates from The resulting images provide greater information than regular X-rays, allowing doctors to examine individual slices within the 3-D images.

Contrast agents are commonly used in combination with CT scans to perform angiographies and other specific tissue examinations. Technological improvements in CT such as dose modulation acquisition techniques and iterative reconstruction algorithms dramatically reduce the required X-Ray dose, improve hospital efficiency and clinical effectiveness and reduce costs.

Molecular Imaging is a diagnostic tool where metabolic processes can be visualised by administering small amounts of radioactive pharmaceuticals to patients. These accumulate in a specific part of the body in a controlled way. Unlike other ionizing radiation techniques, which can only generate anatomical images, this technique generates functional images.

Some conditions initially have a physiological effect, rather than an anatomical change in the body. Molecular imaging allows for an earlier diagnosis. AIPES has developed a comprehensive tool on nuclear medicine. See website for further information. Doctors often use this scan to determine the size and location of a tumor. The machine looks like a large, white, doughnut-shaped tunnel that a patient slides into on a table for imaging.

An MRI uses a different type of energy to create images. A magnetic field affects the water molecules in the body and radio frequency RF waves pulse through the field to change how the aligned molecules move. This combination of magnetic waves and RF allows the creation of incredibly detailed 3D images.

An MRI is usually performed in a long tube where the patient lies still for the minutes required for the scan. Open MRIs are sometimes used for patients who are claustrophobic. A special camera records how the tracer moves through the body, which can show irregular tissue that can indicate cancer, a tumor, or infection.

The tracer is injected only at the area where the test is needed and it is eliminated from the body within a few days. A PET scan is a type of nuclear imaging that follows how a radioactive tracer is metabolized by the body. The information received from the PET scan is superimposed with the detailed X-rays of a CT scan to provide context for the patient. Fluoroscopy: This technique uses radiographs in combination with a contrast agent that is either injected or swallowed.

The path of the contrast agent is followed via radiographs to determine obstructions, ulcers, and other pathological processes. In this technique, the patient lies within a CT chamber, which contains both the detector and the source. The source and detector lie opposite each other and travel in an arc around the patient, obtaining images serially. Images are taken in slices of a few millimeters each and in three different axes—producing coronal, axial, and sagittal sections.

These sections can then be reconstructed to form a three-dimensional image. CT images possess far greater detail compared with traditional radiographs.

However, CT scanning delivers a substantially higher dose of radiation to the body. This diagnostic medical imaging technology makes use of radio-waves within a magnetic field. The human body is largely composed of water.

When placed in the MRI scanner, the hydrogen ions within the water molecules align themselves according to the field. When radiofrequency waves are applied, this alignment changes and after that the ions return to their original position.

These changes in alignment are recorded and processed to create an image. The MRI is useful for visualizing soft tissue structures such as muscles, tendons, and joint spaces.

Although there is no radiation hazard, MRI can be dangerous for people who have metal implants because of the use of a strong magnetic field. This includes patients who have artificial joints, pacemakers, or other types of implants. The tracers are either swallowed or injected into the bloodstream. Once within the body, tracers are taken up by specific tissues. The gamma rays emitted by these tracers are captured on a gamma camera and converted into digitized images.

Tracers may be chosen based on the region of interest. For instance, imaging of the thyroid gland requires radioactive iodine, as this compound is preferentially taken up by thyroid cells. Bone scanning for infectious disease uses technetium, gallium or indium. A special type of nuclear imaging is positron emission tomography PET. It can use a radioactive form of glucose. Glucose is preferentially taken up by cells which have a high rate of metabolism, such as cancer cells. Thus, this advanced diagnostic imaging technique can help to identify distant metastases in cancer patients.